The presence of Johne's disease in both wild cervids and bovids is increasingly being reported, although the epidemiology and impact in wild species is not understood. Johne's disease is a concern for human health too, due to its zoonotic potential. MAP has been linked in several reports to Crohn's disease in humans. A special concern is the consumption of (raw) intestines of cervids by indigenous people because intestines may contain a high MAP load.